Science

For centuries it was believed that Andromeda is part of our Milky Way. It was only in the early 20th century when it was discovered that Andromeda was in fact, a separate galaxy. Scientists now know that it is the largest and brightest galaxy in the sky. It is also the most remote object visible to the naked eye. Andromeda is the most nearest galaxy to our Milky Way Galaxy. The Milky Way contains our planet earth and the rest of the solar system.

Andromeda is spiral shaped and one of the most massive galaxies in our part of the universe.

In moderately dark skies the galaxy is visible as an elongated, hazy patch, slightly brighter in the center, and fading away on the edges until it blends into the sky’s background.

Andromeda gets its name from the Andromeda Constellation. The galaxy is located near one of the edges of this constellation and hence it was named the Andromeda Galaxy. The word Andromeda is actually a name from Greek mythology. According to Greek legends, Andromeda was a Princess and the daughter of King Cepheus and his Queen Cassiopeia.

This Galaxy was first described in 964 by Abdul Rahman Sufi, a Muslim astronomer from Persia. Abdul Rahman mentioned the galaxy in his book called the “Book of Fixed Stars”. He described the Andromeda as a “nebulous smear”.

The Andromeda is also known as the Messier 31 or M31. The name comes from Charles Messier, a French astronomer who documented the Galaxy in his catalog called “Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters”, published in 1771. The number 31 actually signifies that it was the 31st object on Messier’s list of astronomical objects.

Occasionally, it is also known as the NGC 224. This designation came from the New General Catalogue (NGC), a detailed list of astronomical objects documented by British astronomer, John Louis Emil Dreyer in 1888.

Up until the early 20th century, astronomers believed, Andromeda was a part of the Milky Way. This theory was proven wrong in 1920 when American astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble determined conclusively that Andromeda was not part of the Milky Way, and a separate galaxy far away from the Milky Way.

The first photograph of the galaxy was taken in 1887 by Issac Roberts, a Welsh astronomer

The total mass of the Andromeda is estimated to be about 1.8×10⁴²kg making it one of the biggest galaxies in our local part of the universe.

Andromeda is gigantic. Scientists estimate the total number of stars in the galaxy to be around 1 trillion. This is about twice the number of stars estimated to be in the Milky Way Galaxy.

Andromeda Galaxy is at a distance of 2.2 million light years away from earth and hence the most remote object one can observe with the naked eye. This means that if we observe the Andromeda with our eye at any particular time, the bright light coming from the galaxy and reaching our eyes is actually 2.2 million years old. So, what we observe of Andromeda at any given moment with our eye actually happened or took place 2.2 million years ago. Amazing, isn’t it?

Scientists say that Andromeda was formed about 10 billion years ago from the collision and merger of smaller galaxies.

Andromeda Galaxy has a diameter of about 220,000 light-years, which means if someone travels at the speed of light, it would take 220,000 years for them to travel from one edge of the galaxy to another.

Astronomers believe that the Andromeda has at least 2 Spiral Arms. Spiral arms are areas in a galaxy with strong star formation and are called spiral because of the spiral shape they take on, due to the galaxy rotating on its own axis.

Andromeda is also enveloped in a massive halo of gas and it is estimated that the halo contains half the mass of the stars in the Andromeda itself. Halos are giant spheres encircling a galaxy. They may contain old stars, hot gases or even dark matter. Halos play an important part in star formation in galaxies, controlling the rate at which new stars form.

Andromeda’s halo is invisible and dark. It can’t be seen when observing the galaxy. Scientists were only able to discover the halo after observing bright objects in the galaxy behind the halo and observing changes in light patterns due to the halo. This halo is believed to contain gases and an abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.

Although, the galaxy is so huge and bright that it can be seen anytime of the year, the best time to get a good view is during autumn nights, when the sky is dark and clear.

The Andromeda Galaxy is approaching the Milky Way at a speed of 110km/s. Scientists believe that our Milky Way and the Andromeda will collide after 4 billion years. Imagine that!

Moreover, the Andromeda also has 14 dwarf or satellite galaxies. These galaxies are heavily influenced by interactions with their nearby parent galaxies and are constantly orbiting around them. M32 and M110 are Andromeda’s most prominent satellite galaxies.

The Andromeda is estimated to have at least 35 black-holes, one of which is at the core or nuclei of the Galaxy. This black-hole at the center has a mass of about 2×10³⁸ kg, which is at least 100 million times more than the mass of our Sun.

At least 450-460 globular clusters orbit the Andromeda. Globular clusters are spherical clusters of mostly old stars that orbit their nearby larger galaxy. The spherical shape of these clusters is due to gravity binding them together. Typically, these are found in the outer regions of a galaxy, specifically the halo region.

Although it’s the largest galaxy in our part of the universe, the Andromeda Galaxy contains less dark matter than our Milky Way.

For now much of what we know about the Andromeda is still a mystery. Scientists still have a lot to discover about this galaxy which is so much similar to our Milky Way. Some say the Andromeda may even have planets like our Milky Way. And who knows, maybe these yet to be discovered planets support life like our Earth does. If this were true, maybe one day we’ll get to meet some friendly or not so friendly aliens who might actually even look like us and have the same DNA as humans.

Lunar Eclipse is an astronomical event which happens when the Moon passes behind the shadow of the Earth. The Sun always creates this shadow around the earth. This is a very rare occasion when the Sun, Earth, and the Moon are all exactly lined up and the Moon passes behind this shadow.

When the Moon goes through the umbral shadow of the Earth then a lunar eclipse is very easy to see, and viewed from any place of the earth at night.

The moon has a speed of about one kilometer/second through the shadow. Thus, a lunar eclipse has a total of almost 3 hours plus 40 minutes and approximately 107 minutes.

A lunar eclipse may be seen from anywhere at night on the Earth.

A selenehelion is also called selenelion that is occurring, when the eclipsed Moon as well as the Sun is observed at similar time just after sunrise or before sunset.

A lunar eclipse occurs only at the time of the full moon and may occur less than 3 times in one year.

A lunar eclipse is viewed from all hemispheres and at the same time, it is seen by everyone who has full moon sight. A lunar eclipse time may span in many hours due to local time zones.

Another type of lunar Eclipse is Penumbral Lunar Eclipse which is occurring after passing through the shadow of penumbral shadow. These events are subtle as well as slight to observe therefore these are only for academic interest.

Partial Lunar Eclipse is another type of lunar eclipse which happens only when one portion of the moon passes against the umbral shadow of Earth. These can also be viewed from an unaided eye.

When the full moon passes through the umbral shadow of the earth then Total Lunar Eclipse occurs. A myth is famous in Egyptian that the eclipse is like a sow which swallows the moon for a small time.

Mars is a planet just like our earth, however a dead one,well at least for now.Mars is probably the most known planet ever because of its extreme similarity to Earth.Scientists have discovered frozen ice on mars now, and are hopeful that life on Mars may exist or may have existed once a long time ago.

Mars is named after the Roman God of war.

Mars is the second smallest planet in the solar system.

It is also called the red planet because the iron oxide present on its surface gives it a red color.

Mars has the second highest mountain of the solar system with height of about 22 km(3 times taller than Mt. Everest).

Mars has two known moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are small and irregularly shaped.

Mars has polar caps like Earth, but they contain frozen Carbon Dioxide instead of water.

Scientists believe Mars had water once and maybe a blue sky too, but it is unlikely that it had grass,trees and plants like Earth has now.

Mars is approximately half the size of Earth.

It is home to Valles Marineris, one of the largest canyons of the solar system.It has a length of 4000 km and a depth of up to 7 km.It was caused when volcanoes erupting around it tore up the land, leaving a huge valley.

The Sun appears about half the size on Mars as it does from Earth.

Mars has seasons like earth.The seasons are about twice those of Earth’s.

One year on Mars is 687 days long.

The total mass of mars is only 10% the mass of earth.

The surface of Mars is too cold for water to exist as liquid.